King's Theory Of Goal Attainment Pdf Download
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Various studies have shown the effect of TGA on improving nursing care outcomes in chronic diseases. It includes improving care and adherence to treatment in patients with diabetes [32], improving the perception and self-care behavior in patients with diabetes [33], goal attainment in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy [34], applying the nursing process in a case study of patients with heart failure [35], improving the life quality in patients with congestive heart failure [36], modification of lifestyle in patients with acute myocardial infarction [37], and improving the pharmacist-patient relationship [38]. However, based on available resources, there was no study on TGA in PwMS. Therefore, regarding TGA, the present clinical trial was carried out to determine the effect of the nursing process on the instrumental ADL (IADL) and QOL of PwMS during the COVID-19 pandemic.
The examination of recent studies in Korea and overseas has indicated that the goal attainment theory has been reflected in researches on the relationship between patients and nurses [12], nursing practice [14], nursing role [15], mentoring tools for nursing educators [16], telenursing practice [17], and nursing interventions [18,19].
As shown in Table 2, the list of the types of programs based on goal attainment theory from the highest to the lowest number of cases was as follows: Goal-setting and health contract (k = 27), fall prevention (k = 23), health promotion (k = 23), counseling and education (k = 9), and parent participation (k = 6).
Of the 18 studies included in this systematic review, 15 (83.3%) were published after 2010. The majority, 17 studies (94.4%), were conducted in Korea, while one (5.56%) was carried out in Thailand in 2020. After Jeong and Kim [8] published their study in the Journal Korean Academy Nursing in 2017, there was a rapid increase in cases; the greatest number of studies were reported in 2019 with six articles (33.3%), thus reflecting the increasing interest in the goal attainment theory in recent times.
The results of comparing the effect size according to the program demonstrated that the interpersonal program had the largest size of 2.36, while those of the cognitive variable, health behavior, psychological variable, and indicators of physical health were 1.25, 0.83, 0.64, and 0.58, respectively. The interpersonal variable, having the highest effect size, was the main concept in the goal attainment theory [10] and suggested a direction for nursing intervention programs based it. Therefore, in order to construct a nursing intervention program to improve interpersonal factors in the future, designing a goal attainment theory-based program can be considered as an effective method.
In a meta-analysis study based on the intervention of self-determination [31], the effect size of health behavior was 0.45. In this study, it was 0.83 and medium; it was higher than the effect size of the aforementioned research. Both theories are based on patient-centered nursing. However, the goal attainment theory in particular is considered to have encouraged the supportive role in the process of interaction between nurses and patients as they set goals and achieve them together.
Lee and Park [30] found the total psychological effect size to be 0.30. In a study by Park and Bae [48], as a result of psychoeducational intervention, the positive and negative effect sizes were 0.29, respectively. The research by Ntoumanis et al. [31], which was based on a theory, showed a small effect size of 0.29 with the psychological variable. However, in this study, the psychological effect size was 0.64, indicating a medium effect size, and intervention programs based on the goal attainment theory are expected to demonstrate a positive result on the size of the psychological effect.
The health promotion program showed the next largest effect size, which was medium at 0.76. In a previous study [49] that was not based on theory, it was small at 0.12. In this study, the total effect size of the 23 dependent variables was 0.76. However, direct comparison seemed unreasonable as the dependent variable in a previous study [49] was limited to BMI. Consequently, the previous study was compared with BMI, which was an individual dependent variable in this study. Its two cases were presented, in which the effect size of 0.00 was not statistically significant, and that of 0.62 was statistically significant. Therefore, the overall effect of indicators of physical health was not high because of the characteristics of the variables. However, this research demonstrated the effect of nursing intervention programs based on the goal attainment theory because the effect sizes were higher than that of the previous one.
The parent participation program showed the highest effect size of 1.35; however, it required cautious interpretation because it was not statistically significant. Moreover, verification through future research will be necessary, as the number of cases was small. Nevertheless, in comparison with a previous study on parenting support programs [52], which showed a large and a medium effect size in parenting capacity and social psychology, respectively, the parental participation programs that applied the goal attainment theory indicated a large effect size. Therefore, further meta-analysis of parent participation programs will be needed in the future.
The control variables were classified into age, time (min), session, duration (weeks), place, and publication type. There was no restriction on the age of participants as the age groups ranged from 34.6 months [18] to 81.38 years [19]. As a result, the effect size was the highest at 1.72 at the age group of 17 years or younger, followed by 1.25 in the age group of 60 years or older. Additionally, the effect size at the mixed age was also large at 0.85. This reflects how the goal attainment theory can be widely used in various age groups, and the findings indicate that such interventions are highly acceptable in practice [53].
The theory of goal attainment developed by Imogene King is a theory which adheres with the fundamental objective of nursing profession. Nursing, as envisaged by Florence Nightingale is a service of whose success is largely dependent on the effectiveness of relationship between the nurse and the patient. The basic assumption that governs the theory of goal attainment is that both nurse and patient, in a nursing environment are human beings and both of them are part of an open system which freely interacts with the environment (Meleis,2007).
The most remarkable advantage of the theory is that it considers all human beings of equal worth (King, 1999). The very fact that the theory of goal attainment considers interaction between the nurse and the patient as a key factor of goal setting and attainment makes it applicable in practical nursing situations. Interaction, transaction and communication which happen between the nurse, patient and also the allied systems of interactions decide what is to be achieved. Here, the goal which is set becomes case specific and thus becomes more effective.
The theory of goal attainment leaves the nurse at the advantage of having the freedom to take participatory decisions with the patient. This strengthens the personal interaction between both the parties. The application of this theory in practical nursing practice is thus of huge advantage as it creates a very positive nursing environment. However, the application of this theory will largely depend on the decision making capacity of individual nurses. The decision making capacity is in turn dependant on several factors.
One major factor is the skill of the nurse and another important factor is the hierarchical nature of the nursing environment which would determine the decisive powers of the nurse. ReferencesKing, I. M. (1999). Kings theory of goal attainment: Philosophical and ethical implications. Nursing Science Quarterly, 12, 292-296. Meleis, A. F. (2007). Theoretical Nursing: Development and Progress. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Third, we examine the moderating role of emotion reappraisal to provide a richer understanding of the relationship between achievement goals and life satisfaction. We show that by cognitively reappraising emotion, people who set achievement goals live a happier life. This result is in line with a body of research that elucidates the positive function of emotion reappraisal in buffering anxiety and enhancing well-being (Feinberg et al., 2012; Gross & John, 2003). Moreover, self-determination theory suggests a positive link between autonomous motivation and well-being (Ryan & Deci, 2000). Through examining the moderating role of emotion reappraisal, we specify the boundary condition under which the positive relationship between achievement goals, a form of autonomous motivation, and well-being ceases to exist. Thus, our study represents an important advancement in self-determination theory. 2b1af7f3a8
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