Crush Test
Crush Test >> https://urllie.com/2tkKdD
Abstract:Battery safety is a prominent concern for the deployment of electric vehicles (EVs). The battery powering an EV contains highly energetic active materials and flammable organic electrolytes. Usually, an EV battery catches fire due to its thermal runaway, either immediately at the time of the accident or can take a while to gain enough heat to ignite the battery chemicals. There are numerous battery abuse testing standards and regulations available globally. Therefore, battery manufacturers are always in dilemma to choose the safest one. Henceforth, to find the optimal outcome of these two major issues, six standards (SAE J2464:2009, GB/T 31485-2015:2015, FreedomCAR:2006, ISO 12405-3:2014, IEC 62660-2:2010, and SAND2017-6295:2017) and two regulations (UN/ECE-R100.02:2013 and GTR 20:2018), that are followed by more than fifty countries in the world, are investigated in terms of their abuse battery testing conditions (crush test). This research proves that there is a need for (a) augmenting these standards and regulations as they do not consider real-life vehicle crash scenarios, and (b) one harmonised framework should be developed, which can be adopted worldwide. These outcomes will solve the battery manufacturers dilemma and will also increase the safety of EV consumers.Keywords: lithium-ion battery; electric vehicle battery; battery standard; battery regulation; battery testing standard; battery testing regulation; abuse testing; harmonising battery standard; crush test procedure; battery incidents; battery standard and regulation augmentation
What the NMFTA realized is that the most important metric for shipping boxes is how high you can stack them. ECT more directly related to that metric. It was simple: ECT measured how much weight a box could hold above it before it crushed.
If you are packaging items that will not move in shipment, that will not exert lateral force on the sides of the box, and will not go through many different nodes of shipment, then ECT is the most relevant metric for you. All you really care about is the stacking strength of the box. How much weight before the box crushes
A Mullen Burst Test is most relevant if you are send items that can move in the box (ball bearings, plastic beads, and round fruits are common examples) or that will exert pressure on the side of the box. It is also best if you are sending boxes on a shipment path that will see them being loaded and unloaded at many different nodes of transport (onto a truck, off the truck and onto a rail car, off the rail car and into a shipping container, for instance). The burst test takes into account the strength of the box even when it is being pressured from the side, and these shipping paths will exert more lateral pressure on the box over time.
For many years the Mullen Burst Test had been the main industry standard for the grading of corrugated board packaging. It required a minimum board base weight. However, as more recycled content is now used in the manufacture of corrugated board, it was discovered that recycled board of the same weight did not always perform so well in the Mullen Burst test.
However for companies who simply wish to know the maximum weight a box can withstand, then knowing the overall stacking strength is the primary concern - this is where the Edge Crush Test comes into its own and has become the more common test nowadays.
A software-controlled compression tester, featuring a rigid loading column and precision loadcell, is equipped with rectangular plattens. Two free-standing guide blocks serve to support the corrugated test specimen thus keeping it parallel to the plattens.
The test programme controls the tester to descend at a constant speed until a set-load is reached at which point the guide blocks can be removed. The tester then continues further until the corrugated board collapses and the software automatically calculates the Edge Crush Resistance value in the desired unit of measurement (lb/in, N/mm).
The MultiTest-i is a versatile tensile & compression tester controlled by software running on a PC. The twin-column range can be mounted neatly on your bench-top and is ideal for product testing applications according to your own test methods.
The MultiTest-xt is a versatile tensile & compression tester controlled by a touchscreen console. The twin-column range can be mounted neatly on your bench-top and is ideal for product testing applications according to your own test methods.
The MultiTest-i is a versatile tensile & compression tester controlled by software running on a PC. The twin-column range can be mounted neatly on your bench-top and is ideal for product testing applications according to your own test methods.
The use of corrugation adds rigidity to paper and card packaging materials, which are tested in compression with several crush testing standards, namely the box crush test (BCT) and the related edge (ECT) and stacking crush tests.
The international industry quality assurance procedures for the box compression test may require self-levelling compression plate(s) in order to follow the pattern of failure, or some standards stipulate only the upper must be spherically pivoted to meet this requirement.
The ECT uses another tactic. Instead of beating the box up, it exerts increasing pressure until the carton gives in. A piece of the corrugated material that makes up the box is placed on the edge. Then two plates, one on each side of the piece, press together, crushing the corrugated material between them.
Recycled materials had shorter fibers that went in various directions. New paper had longer fibers that went in the same direction, thus providing more support. However, while the recycled materials provided lower results when it came to bursting, the results for vertical stacking strength and crush resistance were higher. Thus, the Edge Crush Test was introduced.
Edge crush testing is generally the test you want to be done when testing your package strength for B2B shipping, especially if the packages are medium- to small-sized and going to be stacked on top of one another. This is where corrugated provides a significant advantage.
Triple wall corrugated boxes are the heftiest boxes on the market. Designed to withstand heavy weight and protect delicate products, these boxes are the perfect solution for shipping fragile items. Adding protective foam inserts will ensure that your fragile products stay as safe as possible. All triple-walled packaging is tested and approved through the ECT and Mullen tests for strength. For large shipments, order our corrugated packages in bulk.
Lucky for you, Nelson Container has an in-house ISTA testing lab with both Mullen Test and edge crush test capabilities so we don't need to outsource to a third-party company. In-house testing saves time and money for us, and we pass those savings on to you.
Small- to medium-sized boxes you're going to stack on pallets are best tested using the ECT, and large- to jumbo-sized boxes loaded directly onto trucks for quick B2B shipping are best tested using the Mullen Test.
Object: Bicycle accidents are a very important cause of clinically important traumatic brain injury (TBI) in children. One factor that has been shown to mitigate the severity of lesions associated with TBI in such scenarios is the proper use of a helmet. The object of this study was to test and evaluate the protection afforded by a children's bicycle helmet to human cadaver skulls with a child's anthropometry in both \"impact\" and \"crushing\" situations.
Methods: The authors tested human skulls with and without bicycle helmets in drop tests in a monorail-guided free-fall impact apparatus from heights of 6 to 48 in onto a flat steel anvil. Unhelmeted skulls were dropped at 6 in, with progressive height increases until failure (fracture). The maximum resultant acceleration rates experienced by helmeted and unhelmeted skulls on impact were recorded by an accelerometer attached to the skulls. In addition, compressive forces were applied to both helmeted and unhelmeted skulls in progressive amounts. The tolerance in each circumstance was recorded and compared between the two groups.
Results: Helmets conferred up to an 87% reduction in so-called mean maximum resultant acceleration over unhelmeted skulls. In compression testing, helmeted skulls were unable to be crushed in the compression fixture up to 470 pound-force (approximately 230 kgf), whereas both skull and helmet alone failed in testing.
A newer standard that has achieved widespread acceptance is the Edge Crush Test (ECT). This is a true performance test and is directly related to the stacking strength of a carton. ECT is a measure of the edgewise compressive strength of corrugated board. It is measured by compressing a small segment of board on edge between two rigid platens or plates perpendicular to the direction of the flutes until a peak load is established. This is measured in pounds per lineal inch of load bearing edge (lb/in), but usually reported as an ECT value (for example, 44 ECT).
For example, if you are shipping a product that weights between 25-40 pounds, a 32 ECT single-wall carton should be sufficient, in most cases. If your carton is going to be subjected to severe handling, the 200# carton might be a better option. It would be equivalent to a carton with an ECT of 32 or higher, and the bursting test is more of a true measure of rough handling. 59ce067264
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